EFFECT OF PRANAYAMA ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM REGULATION: A PHYSIOLOGICAL INSIGHT

Abstract

Background:    Autonomic imbalance characterized by sympathetic overactivity and reduced parasympathetic tone is implicated in hypertension, anxiety disorders, and cardiovascular morbidity. Yogic breathing techniques (pranayama) are increasingly recognized for their modulatory effects on autonomic function. Objective: To highlight the physiological mechanisms through which pranayama influences autonomic regulation and its potential clinical implications. Methods: A narrative review of published physiological and clinical studies examining the impact of pranayama on heart rate variability 
(HRV), blood pressure, respiratory parameters, and neuroendocrine responses was conducted. Results: Evidence suggests 
that slow and controlled breathing techniques enhance vagal tone, improve HRV indices, reduce sympathetic discharge, and 
lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Studies demonstrate improved baroreflex sensitivity and decreased plasma 
cortisol levels following regular practice. Respiratory efficiency parameters such as forced vital capacity and peak expiratory  low rate also show significant improvement. Conclusion: Pranayama serves as a non-pharmacological intervention capable of restoring autonomic balance. Its integration into preventive and therapeutic strategies for stress-related and cardiovascular disorders is supported by physiological evidence, though large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted.